Research Projects - Research

A sustainable and digital framework for safety and security in ports

FPP project manager: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marko PERKOVIČ

Coworkers:

Project duration: from 01.01.2025 to 31.12.2027

Collaborators:

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering

prof. dr. Boštjan Batagelj, asist. dr. Aljaž Blatnik, prof. dr. Matjaž Vidmar, asist. dr. Andrej Lavrič, asist. dr. Tomi Mlinar in Luka Podbregar

University o

Project financing: ARIS, Port of Koper

Smart seaports are a new generation of digital ports that aim to be more efficient, sustainable and innovative than traditional ports. They use advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, the Internet of Things, big data, blockchain and automation to improve operations and reduce environmental impact.

One of the key features of smart ports is their automation, which allows them to operate around the clock without human intervention. This increases efficiency and reduces labour costs. The use of data is crucial for business optimization and better use of all resources. Smart ports are more environmentally friendly as they are often built to reduce their carbon footprint and protect the marine environment. They also use renewable energy and other sustainable technologies to reduce their environmental impact.

The project aimed to improve Luka Koper's port's efficiency, safety, security, and environmental performance. The path to sustainability is also a societal challenge that affects international and national legislation, urban planning and transportation, and local and individual lifestyles and consumption. The concept of "sustainability" for ports is integrating environmentally friendly port operation and management methods. In other words, sustainably: Each development causes the least possible impact and contributes to improving measures and control of air, water, noise and waste quality.

The project will consider several measures to establish the sustainability of seaports, including the application of policy and regulatory frameworks in ports to reduce pollutant emissions, the greening of the port city and the integration of the port into the urban area through the inclusion of trees that absorb noise and air pollution, the use of renewable energy sources in port operations and activities, the transition of ports from a linear economy to a circular economy, the goal of redefining products and services to prevent waste while minimizing negative impacts, the implementation of an energy management system (EnMS) and/or an environmental management system to improve the port's environmental profile and increase energy efficiency.

There are important security challenges in today's era of intense digital transformation, which the Slovenian port is also following. Particular attention is being paid to linking maritime traffic management systems and cargo handling operations with digital security systems. It has been proven that cyberattacks in the maritime transport sector have an impact not only on business but also on the safety of shipping and, thus, on the risk of maritime accidents with major environmental consequences.

The above initiatives will be achieved through improvements and new approaches to existing port operations activities. The Agenda for Sustainable Development of World Ports provides a general framework for how ports can better contribute to sustainability. The program is supported by the EU and international organizations such as the European Sea Ports Organization (ESPO), the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), the Association Internationale Villes et Ports (AIVP), the World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure (PIANC), the International Cargo Handling Coordination Association (ICHCA), the International Association of dredging companies (IADC) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

Publications

BLATNIK, Aljaž, BATAGELJ, Boštjan. Evaluating GNSS receiver resilience : a study on simulation environment repeatability. Electronics. May-1 2025, vol. 14, iss. 9, [article no.] 1797, 20 str., ilustr. ISSN 2079-9292. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/9/1797, DOI: 10.3390/electronics14091797. [COBISS.SI-ID 234782979]

The study examines the resilience of GNSS receivers, a critical dependency in maritime operations spanning navigation to port logistics. It focuses on evaluating the repeatability and reliability of simulation environments used for testing GNSS performance under interference conditions (e.g., jamming and spoofing). The key finding is that controlled simulation environments can provide consistent, repeatable conditions for assessing GNSS receiver behaviour, which is essential for reliable vulnerability analysis and benchmarking across different receiver types. The research highlights that without repeatable test conditions, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions about GNSS resilience. The main contribution lies in establishing a methodological framework for standardized GNSS resilience testing, enabling more reliable assessment of navigation system robustness in safety-critical maritime applications. From an ARIS and Port of Koper perspective, the study is highly relevant, as it supports the development of more resilient navigation and monitoring systems in ports, where GNSS disruptions can directly affect vessel traffic management (VTS), terminal operations, and overall port safety. It also contributes to strengthening preparedness against emerging threats such as GNSS spoofing and signal interference in increasingly digitalized maritime environments.

PERKOVIČ, Marko, BATISTA, Milan, GUCMA, Maciej, LUIN, Blaž, VIDMAR, Peter. Breakaway of large, unevenly loaded container ships. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 282-290. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000407, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.038. [COBISS.SI-ID 230661635]

The study addresses the problem of breakaway of large container ships in ports, with particular emphasis on the previously underanalyzed impact of uneven cargo distribution. Using the Port of Koper as a case study, the research demonstrates that such cargo distribution can significantly increase the vessel’s wind-exposed surface area (doubling it), thereby directly affecting mooring forces and the risk of incidents. The analysis is based on a real event in which, under extreme weather conditions, damage to port infrastructure occurred (a ship colliding with a crane). It includes the use of advanced simulations (e.g., Optimoor) to reconstruct the conditions and evaluate different mooring configurations. The key contribution of the research is demonstrating that the combination of uneven loading, suboptimal mooring, and weather significantly increases the risk of allision events in ports. The results provide concrete improvements (more appropriate mooring patterns, longer mooring lines, and adjustments to operational procedures) that are directly applicable in practice. Within the ARIS project framework, the study represents an important step toward developing methods for assessing operational risks at container terminals. It is particularly relevant for the Port of Koper, where similar incidents have already been recorded, and it enables the development of guidelines for safer management of large vessels under demanding conditions.

TULJAK SUBAN, Danijela, PEGAN, Urban, BANDELJ, Vinko, DEMŠAR, Jure, PERKOVIČ, Marko, SUBAN, Valter. Importance of environmental factors in coastal sensitivity in north Adriatic. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 186-193. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000286?via%3Dihub, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.026. [COBISS.SI-ID 230665731]

The article examines the role of environmental factors in assessing coastal sensitivity in the North Adriatic to support effective, safety-oriented oil spill response planning, based on multi-country stakeholder workshops in Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy. The findings show that geomorphology, port areas, and socio-economic coastal functions must be explicitly considered to improve prioritisation, decision-making, and protection of vulnerable coastlines and port environments during emergencies.

HERO, Marin, VIDMAR, Peter, VLAČIČ, Patrick, PERKOVIČ, Marko. Limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime transport sector. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 157-164. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000249, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.022. [COBISS.SI-ID 230680579]

A key contribution of the study lies in demonstrating that significant emission reductions can be achieved through operational measures alone, particularly by reducing propulsion power and optimising logistics. These measures directly reduce fuel consumption and emissions, while performance is evaluated using carbon-intensity indicators per transport unit. The paper’s distinctive value is reflected in the case study of yacht transport between Rotterdam and Split, which shows that reducing speed and consolidating transport (using larger vessels instead of individual voyages) substantially reduces emissions and external costs. This highlights that even relatively simple operational strategies can lead to measurable environmental benefits and improved system efficiency. From a port perspective, the study underscores the importance of coordinated stakeholder action among port authorities, ship operators, and regulators. Key elements include digitalisation of processes, port call optimisation, and implementation of technologies such as onshore power supply (OPS). Within the ARIS project framework, the research contributes to the concept of resilient and sustainable port systems, demonstrating that emission reductions can be achieved not only through future fuels but also through intelligent management of existing operations. This is particularly relevant for the Port of Koper, where integrating digital tools, optimising logistics, and gradually introducing alternative fuels can support a robust and sustainable port development pathway.

SRŠE, Jure, PERKOVIČ, Marko, VIDMAR, Peter, ANDROJNA, Andrej, BRCKO, Tanja. Small craft port design in Slovenia. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 209-218. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000316, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.029. [COBISS.SI-ID 230688515]

The study highlights that modern design of small ports and marinas is no longer based solely on traditional civil and hydraulic engineering studies, but increasingly requires maritime analyses (ship maneuvering, mooring, wind and wave effects) in accordance with PIANC guidelines. Using the St. Katarina area near the Port of Koper as a case study, the research demonstrates how integrating floating pontoons and adaptable mooring systems can significantly improve the utilization of water areas, increase safety, and expand berth capacity. The key contribution lies in integrating spatial planning, navigational requirements, and operational safety while addressing the impacts of climate change (e.g., more frequent extreme weather events). From an ARIS project perspective, such approaches have broader socio-economic value, supporting local community development (tourism, recreation, public berths), improving coastal accessibility, and enabling effective transfer of research outcomes into practical, sustainable port planning solutions.

VIDMAR, Peter, HERO, Marin, PERKOVIČ, Marko. Nova goriva za ladje : oddaja Ugriznimo znanost. Ljubljana: RTV Slovenija, oddja Ugriznimo znanost, 2025. 1 spletni vir (1 zvočna datoteka (18. min.)). https://365.rtvslo.si/arhiv/ugriznimo-znanost/175105158. [COBISS.SI-ID 225759491]

The TV segment Ugriznimo v znanost: New Fuels focuses on the environmental challenges of maritime transport while highlighting the critical role of alternative fuels in decarbonizing the sector. Given that over 90% of global trade is transported by sea, the program emphasizes the current reliance on fossil fuels and their significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. The central theme is the transition toward new energy carriers such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and biofuels, which are presented as key enablers of a low-carbon maritime future. The segment communicates in a scientifically grounded yet accessible manner that this transition requires not only technological innovation but also systemic adaptation, including infrastructure development, regulatory alignment, and operational changes across the maritime logistics chain. Within the ARIS project framework, this contribution reinforces the role of ports as critical nodes in the energy transition. For the Port of Koper, this implies developing alternative-fuel infrastructure, electrifying port operations, and implementing digital tools for emission monitoring and optimization. By linking scientific insights with public communication, the contribution strengthens the understanding that the adoption of new fuels is closely tied to safety, operational efficiency, and long-term resilience of port systems.

KRMAC, Evelin, MANSOURI KALEIBAR, Mozhgan. The efficiency of the container terminals in Adriatic : an improved data envelopment analysis. Operational research in engineering sciences : theory and applications. [Online ed.]. 2025, vol. 8, iss. 1, str. 1-21. ISSN 2620-1747. https://oresta.org/article-view/?id=815, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15192423. [COBISS.SI-ID 226961923]

The article analyzes the operational efficiency of container terminals in the Adriatic region using an enhanced Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. By refining the methodological framework and incorporating multiple input and output variables relevant to terminal operations, the study offers a more detailed assessment of how efficiently terminals use infrastructure, equipment, and operational resources. The results reveal significant differences in efficiency levels among Adriatic container terminals, highlighting structural, organizational, and technological factors that affect performance. From a safety and security perspective, the findings are especially relevant, as efficient terminal operations are closely associated with safer working environments, reduced congestion, and improved control over cargo flows. Greater efficiency can facilitate the implementation of digital monitoring systems, optimized processes, and coordinated resource management, all of which enhance safety and security in ports. The study provides valuable insights for port authorities and terminal operators aiming to integrate efficiency improvements with sustainable and digital frameworks for port safety and security.

AKINSOLU, Olutola, KRMAC, Evelin. Analyses of the container throughput : case study on the selected ports of Europe and China. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 244-250. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000353, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.033. [COBISS.SI-ID 230656515], [SNIP, Scopus]

The paper analyzes container throughput trends through a comparative case study of selected European and Chinese ports. By analyzing historical throughput data and identifying key factors influencing cargo volumes, the study highlights structural differences in port development, capacity utilization, and operational strategies between the two regions. The analysis demonstrates how variations in infrastructure investment, hinterland connectivity, and operational efficiency affect ports' ability to manage increasing container flows. From the perspective of port safety and security, the study is highly relevant, as rising container throughput places additional pressure on terminal operations, traffic management, and risk control systems. Effectively handling high cargo volumes requires well-coordinated operational processes, reliable digital data exchange, and proactive risk management to prevent congestion, accidents, and security breaches. The findings emphasize that sustainable growth in container throughput must be accompanied by digitalization and integrated safety and security measures, enabling ports to maintain resilient and secure operations within an evolving global logistics environment.

MANSOURI KALEIBAR, Mozhgan, KRMAC, Evelin. Container port efficiency : comparison of Adriatic ports with other Italian ports using non-radial DEA. V: ZANNE, Marina (ur.), BAJEC, Patricija (ur.), TWRDY, Elen (ur.). 21st International conference on transport science (ICTS 2024) : conference proceedings. [S. l.]: Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 83, str. 251-257. Transportation research procedia (Online), vol. 83. ISSN 2352-1465. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146525000365, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.034. [COBISS.SI-ID 230657795]

The paper examines container port efficiency by comparing Adriatic ports with other Italian ports using a non-radial Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. This non-radial approach identifies inefficiencies in specific input and output factors, rather than assuming uniform improvements across all variables, offering a more detailed assessment of port performance. The results show significant efficiency differences between Adriatic and other Italian container ports, reflecting variations in infrastructure scale, operational practices, and resource utilization. From a safety and security standpoint, these findings are important because inefficiencies in port operations can cause congestion, increase operational risks, and reduce control over cargo and traffic flows. More efficient ports are better equipped to implement digital solutions for monitoring, coordination, and risk prevention, supporting safer working conditions and stronger security management. The study thus enhances understanding of how performance benchmarking can aid the development of sustainable, digitally enabled frameworks to improve safety and security in container ports.

GUCMA, Lucian, BATISTA, Milan, PERKOVIČ, Marko. A probabilistic framework for assessing vessel impact on bridges considering technical failures : insights from the Baltimore accident case study. Marine structures. 2026, vol. 105, str. 1-39. ISSN 1873-4170. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833925001297?dgcid=author, DOI: 10.1016/j.marstruc.2025.103906. [COBISS.SI-ID 245311491], [Odprti dostop, JCR, SNIP, WoS, Scopus]

The paper presents an advanced probabilistic framework for assessing vessel impacts on infrastructure, focusing on propulsion and steering failures, based on the Baltimore accident case. It is published in Marine Structures, one of the leading journals in maritime engineering. A key contribution is a transferable methodology for quantifying collision probability in complex navigational environments, going beyond traditional deterministic approaches. The study also applies IWRAP, implemented within the ARIS project for risk assessment in the Port of Koper. Importantly, the framework is directly applicable to port environments, including container terminals where ship-to-crane collisions occur in practice. Such incidents have also been recorded in the Port of Koper, highlighting the practical relevance of the research. The methodology can be extended to a wide range of allision scenarios (terminals, berths, bridges), supporting improved safety assessment and infrastructure protection.

PERKOVIČ, Marko (vodja projekta, avtor), MEHLMAUER, Migel, FELICJAN, Matjaž, LUIN, Blaž, VIDMAR, Peter, KMETIČ, Sandi, ANDROJNA, Andrej, SRŠE, Jure, BORGHESE, Francesco, ZOTTOLA, Erasmo. Feasibility studies on sea traffic management for IPA and ENP beneficiaries : shipping analysis for the countries of the Black Sea - ENP EAST (Zone 2; Georgia, Moldova, Türkiye – Black Sea coast and Ukraine). Portorož: Univ. Ljubljana, Fak. za pomorstvo in promet, 2025. 201. str., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 246494723]

PERKOVIČ, Marko (vodja projekta, avtor), LUIN, Blaž, VIDMAR, Peter, KMETIČ, Sandi. Feasibility studies on sea traffic management for IPA and ENP beneficiaries : shipping analysis for the countries of the Black Sea - ENP EAST (Zone 2) -appendices. Portorož: Univ. Ljubljana, Fak. za pomorstvo in promet, 2025. 93. str., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 246496515]

The study conducted for the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) represents a strong example of two-way knowledge transfer between the ARIS project and the international maritime domain. The Slovenian research team contributed advanced quantitative risk modelling approaches (using IWRAP), developed and applied in the Port of Koper. At the same time, the project enabled the transfer of the Sea Traffic Management (STM) concept—an advanced evolution of VTS systems—back into the Slovenian context. STM is based on enhanced data exchange, port call optimisation, and improved coordination among stakeholders. For Slovenia and the Port of Koper, this creates tangible benefits: improved navigational safety, increased traffic efficiency, reduced congestion, and lower emissions. Such an integrated approach also strengthens the resilience of port systems and supports the transition toward sustainable and digitally enabled maritime operations..

ŽAGAR, Dejan. Evaluating emotional response and effort in nautical simulation training using noninvasive methods. Sensors. 2025, vol. 25, issue 1 7, [article no.] 5508, str. 1-17, ilustr. ISSN 1424-8220. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/17/5508, DOI: 10.3390/s25175508. [COBISS.SI-ID 247898115], [Odprti dostop, JCR, SNIP]

The study contributes to the wider discussion on maritime safety and security by showing how stress and emotional resilience can affect navigational performance. In the Arpa simulator setting, we observed that inexperienced participants displayed recognizable stress patterns that influenced their confidence, attention, and decision-making. The findings are relevant for high-density and high-workload environments such as port approaches, traffic separation schemes, and manoeuvring in restricted waters, where human error can quickly escalate into safety or security incidents. The perspective emphasizes the importance of strengthening maritime safety and security in complex port areas and coastal approaches, where navigational, environmental, and human factors interact in ways that increase vulnerability. By highlighting the link between emotional states and operational outcomes, our research adds a complementary human factors dimension, helping to inform practical approaches to training and resilience-building during the learning phase, and supporting advanced risk assessment and resilience strategies.

GUCMA, Lucjan, GUCMA, Maciej, PERKOVIČ, Marko. Enhancing ship traffic capacity with microscopic modelling : the Świnoujście–Szczecin waterway case study. V: STEVIĆ, Željko (ur.), KOSTADINOVIĆ, Miroslav (ur.). Proceedings : New Horizons 2025 : X International Scientific Conference of Transport and Communications 2025 - TransportaCom : 05-08 November. Doboj: Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, 2025. Str. 300-312. ISBN 978-99976-12-12-0. https://novihorizonti.sf.ues.rs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Proceedings-TransportaCom-2025-FINAL-25.12.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 263534851]

The paper addresses the problem of limited navigational capacity and safety on constrained port access waterways, where increasing vessel sizes and traffic density significantly raise the risk of congestion, collisions, and groundings. A microscopic stochastic ship traffic model, based on Monte Carlo simulations, was developed and applied to realistically assess vessel delays, queuing phenomena, and safety impacts of targeted infrastructure measures, such as the introduction of additional passing lanes. The scientific contribution of the paper lies in the quantitative linkage between traffic dynamics, navigational safety, and economic and environmental impacts, as reduced congestion directly leads to lower fuel consumption, decreased emissions, and a reduced probability of maritime accidents with environmental consequences. The results demonstrate that well-targeted infrastructure interventions significantly enhance navigational safety while simultaneously reducing environmental pressures within port areas. This paper represents a significant scientific and professional achievement by providing decision-support tools for port infrastructure planning and management, contributing to the development of safe and environmentally responsible ports. The developed microscopic model was validated for the complex Świnoujście–Szczecin waterway system, characterized by narrow fairways, limited passing opportunities, and high traffic intensity, which makes the methodology directly transferable to similarly constrained and operationally demanding areas of the northern Adriatic, including the Gulf of Trieste.

ŽAGAR, Dejan, BAŽEC, Matej, DIMC, Franc, PERKOVIČ, Marko. Bridge safety : application for real-time hr streaming. V: STEVIĆ, Željko (ur.), KOSTADINOVIĆ, Miroslav (ur.). Proceedings : New Horizons 2025 : X International Scientific Conference of Transport and Communications 2025 - TransportaCom : 05-08 November. Doboj: Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, 2025. Str. 313-323. ISBN 978-99976-12-12-0. https://novihorizonti.sf.ues.rs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Proceedings-TransportaCom-2025-FINAL-25.12.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 263539971],

The paper addresses the human factor as a dominant cause of maritime accidents, particularly during demanding operations in ports, narrow waterways, and high-workload situations. An experimental real-time physiological monitoring system for the officer of the watch (OOW) was developed and validated using non-invasive wearable sensors, with heart rate data integrated into the ship’s navigational infrastructure and transmitted in standardized NMEA/AIS formats. The scientific and professional contribution of the paper lies in the innovative integration of physiological data into existing maritime communication and navigation systems, enabling early detection of fatigue, overload, or medical anomalies. This approach significantly enhances navigational safety by reducing the likelihood of human-error-related incidents, which often lead to collisions, groundings, and subsequent environmental damage in port areas. The paper represents an important achievement in proactive maritime safety management, supporting the development of advanced accident-prevention systems and contributing to environmental protection in ports and coastal waters.

BERTALANIČ, Blaž, DIMC, Franc, BAŽEC, Matej, BLATNIK, Aljaž. Voyage to the frozen continent : a comprehensive GNSS dataset from a ship’s expedition to Antarctica. Scientific data. 2025, 12 str., ilustr. ISSN 2052-4463. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-06366-x, DOI: 10.1038/s41597-025-06366-x.

This paper presents a unique 200-day dataset of raw GNSS single-frequency L1 receiver measurements collected aboard a research vessel during a continuous Antarctic expedition from October 7, 2024, to April 24, 2025. The dataset comprises daily-segmented binary UBX files containing multi-constellation L1-band observations, including position and time (UBX-NAV-PVT), satellite metadata (UBX-NAV-SAT), RF front-end diagnostics (UBX-MON-RF), FFT results of the received signal spectrum (UBX-MON-SPAN), raw satellite pseudorange and carrier-phase data (UBX-RXM-MEASX), and intermittent Galileo SAR return-link messages (UBX-RXM-RLM). Files are organized by UTC date to streamline batch parsing and maintain file sizes under ≈ 600 MB. Synchronized receiver state metrics and high-resolution spectrum waterfalls allow for a detailed characterization of multipath propagation, the consequences of unintentional interference from ground systems, and intentional jamming conditions in all types of maritime environments, from Mediterranean to polar regions. This dataset facilitates GNSS performance modeling, enables diverse radio-frequency interference analysis, and allows for antenna performance characterization in harsh marine environments. Furthermore, it aids in resilient PNT algorithm development for autonomous vessels and assists in benchmarking Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning in low signal-to-noise and dynamic motion scenarios.

BLATNIK, Aljaž. Vrednotenje ranljivosti sprejemnikov GNSS za napade z motenjem signala. Elektrotehniški vestnik. [Slovenska tiskana izd.]. 2025, letn. 92, št. 4, str. 157-165, ilustr. ISSN 0013-5852. https://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/4-2025/Blatnik.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 254635779], [Odprti dostop, SNIP]

Modern technologies, spanning from sophisticated autonomous vehicles to next-generation telecommunication networks, deeply rely on satellite navigation. Precise positioning and accurate time transfer are not only vital for generating reliable navigation data but also serve as a crucial mechanism for synchronizing decentralized systems. Our increasing economic reliance on dependable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) creates a considerable weakness, making us susceptible to malicious attacks aimed at disrupting receiver operations. While a successful attack might not be inherently dangerous if users are aware of it, the true problem arises when intentional interference subtly alters navigation data. This leads to a gradual decline in the reliability of the provided position and time information, rather than an outright system failure. Even sophisticated GNSS receivers can't fully prevent this manipulation, and such compromised data can result in significant economic losses and, in critical situations, even put lives at risk. This paper tackles a concerning fourfold (400%) surge in reported GNSS jamming incidents during the second quarter of 2024. It outlines technological countermeasures integrated into modern receivers to lessen the impact and consequences of such attacks. Furthermore, it provides recommendations for end users to enhance the resilience of GNSS-dependent systems. The article details comprehensive measurements conducted under controlled conditions to assess the behavior of three widely used, low-cost GNSS receivers when subjected to jamming signals. Their response to single-frequency, multifrequency, and broadband FM-modulated interference was examined and analyzed across six distinct jamming power levels. The findings are visually presented through the temporal evolution of the average code-to-noise ratio, the number of satellites utilized for positioning, and the effect of jamming on location accuracy, observed as the deviation from a known reference point. The results reveal unpredictable behavior in GNSS receivers, highlighting the need for rigorous statistical analysis. Consequently, the paper proposes a suitable methodological framework for evaluating receiver vulnerability, applicable to measurements obtained in simulated environments or using extended sequences of real-world signals.

DOLINŠEK, Staš, PAVLOVČIČ PREŠEREN, Polona, BATAGELJ, Boštjan, BLATNIK, Aljaž. Automated characterization of jamming effects on low-cost GNSS receiver performance. V: LOPAC, Nikola (ur.), BORUCINSKY, Mirjana (ur.), KOS, Serđo (ur.). 17th Baška GNSS Conference: Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Green Navigation and Smart Systems : book of extended abstracts : Baška, Krk Island, Croatia, 11-15 May 2025. Rijeka: Faculty of Maritime Studies, 2025. Str. 39-45, ilustr. https://www.pfri.uniri.hr/web/hr/dokumenti/gnss/2025-GNSS-17%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf. [COBISS.SI-ID 248034819]

Unpredictable intermittent GNSS signals complicate receiver evaluation. Simulations, using controlled jamming, isolate interference effects. We assessed low-cost receiver behaviour in jamming conditions, revealing signal and positioning degradation. Significant variations, even in simulation environment, emphasize the need for statistical analysis of GNSS measurements. This study evaluates receiver responses through repeated measurements under identical conditions.

BLATNIK, Aljaž, DIMC, Franc, BERTALANIČ, Blaž (sodelavec pri raziskavi). A comprehensive GNSS dataset from the 40th Laura Bassi expedition to Antarctica. [Genève: CERN], 2025. 1 spletni vir. https://zenodo.org/records/15783534, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15783533. [COBISS.SI-ID 241650179]

This paper presents a 200-day dataset of single-frequency GNSS L1 measurements collected aboard a research vessel during a continuous Antarctic expedition from 7 October 2024 to 24 April 2025. The dataset comprises hourly UBX binary files containing multi-constellation L1 observations, including receiver position and time, satellite-specific metadata, RF front-end diagnostics, FFT-derived spectral representations, raw pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements, and intermittent Galileo SAR return-link messages. The files are systematically organised by UTC date and hour to support efficient large-scale processing and maintain manageable file sizes.

A distinctive feature of the dataset is the combination of synchronous receiver-state parameters with high-resolution spectral waterfall outputs, enabling detailed analysis of a wide range of signal propagation and interference conditions encountered across open-ocean, coastal, and port environments. These measurements provide insight into multipath behaviour, unintentional interference from terrestrial sources, and episodes of deliberate jamming, all of which are critical factors affecting maritime navigation performance.

The dataset supports performance modelling under realistic maritime conditions, facilitates comprehensive radio-frequency interference studies, and enables robust assessment of antenna characteristics in dynamic and low-elevation-angle scenarios typical of polar and high-sea environments. Moreover, it contributes to research on resilient positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) methods, particularly for autonomous maritime platforms operating in low-SNR conditions and during rapid vessel manoeuvres. Finally, the dataset provides a reference for benchmarking Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning performance under challenging operational constraints.

Notably, the dataset is important because it includes measurements from the visited ports and their surrounding areas, where sporadic or persistent interference apparently and unexpectedly compromises navigational safety.

TULJAK SUBAN, Danijela, SUBAN, Valter. Ecological risk assessment of the Adriatic coastline : an environmental sensitivity index developed through expert surveys and the entropy weight method. Clean - soil, air, water : a journal of sustainability and environmental safety. [Print ed.]. 2025, letn. 53, št. 12, str. 1-14, ilustr. ISSN 1863-0650. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/clen.70077, DOI: 10.1002/clen.70077. [COBISS.SI-ID 262338307],

The article presents an adapted Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) for the Adriatic coastline, combining expert judgement with an entropy-based weighting approach. The results indicate that ports are also vulnerable to oil spills due to dense maritime traffic, complex artificial structures, and limited clean-up capacity. The customized ESI supports improved risk identification and enhances preparedness and protection planning in port and coastal infrastructure areas.

TULJAK SUBAN, Danijela. Optimizing sustainable hub depot locations for empty container logistics in Slovenia using particle swarm optimization. Scientific reports. 2025, 15, article number 42114, 14 str., ilustr. ISSN 2045-2322. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-26064-3#rightslink, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-26064-3. [COBISS.SI-ID 262158083]

The article examines the optimal location for an inland empty container hub in Slovenia using Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO). The results show that positioning the hub near the Port of Koper significantly reduces transport distances, costs, and CO2 emissions, while alleviating operational pressure on port infrastructure. Efficient empty container management improves logistics reliability, port system resilience, and operational safety, supporting sustainable hinterland connections and secure port operations.

ANDROJNA, Andrej. Maritime cyber threats and challenges : invited lecture European Conference for the Young Officers, 9-12.6. 2025, Portorož. [COBISS.SI-ID 241499395]

ANDROJNA, Andrej. Protecting the Mediterranean Strategic Economic and Energy Gateway : lecture Shared awareness and deconfliction in the Mediterranean conference, 18. nov. 2025, Rome. [COBISS.SI-ID 262366467]

ANDROJNA, Andrej. Cyber challenges in maritime navigation : lecture European Seminar for Young Officers 2025. Portorož, 2025. [COBISS.SI-ID 239177475]

ANDROJNA, Andrej. Introduction to the SLO part EDA project SABUVIS II : autonomous underwater vehicles navigation in gnss denied environment : lecture European Seminar for Young Officers 2025. Portorož, 2025. [COBISS.SI-ID 239178499]

KRMAC, Evelin, MANSOURI KALEIBAR, Mozhgan. On assessing input congestion in container terminals. Maritime economics & logistics. [Spletna izd.]. 28. mar. 2025, str. 1-26. ISSN 1479-294X. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41278-025-00317-4?utm_source=rct_congratemailt&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=oa_20250328&utm_content=10.1057%2Fs41278-025-00317-4#Abs1, DOI: 10.1057/s41278-025-00317-4. [COBISS.SI-ID 232210435]

The article examines input congestion in container terminals, where excessive use of certain inputs reduces operational performance. Using advanced analytical methods within the Data Envelopment Analysis framework, the study identifies cases in which adding resources– such as labor, equipment, or terminal capacity – fails to improve and may even hinder terminal output. The findings show that congestion is a critical but often overlooked factor affecting terminal efficiency and overall performance. From the perspective of port safety and security, input congestion is especially significant, as overcrowded terminals and overused resources increase the risk of accidents, operational disruptions, and security vulnerabilities. Congestion can undermine situational awareness, impede emergency response, and diminish the effectiveness of control and surveillance systems. The study highlights the importance of balanced resource allocation and data-driven decision-making, supported by digital tools, to reduce congestion-related risks. By connecting efficiency analysis with operational risk considerations, the paper offers valuable insights for developing sustainable, digitally supported frameworks that improve both safety and security in container terminals.

JURKOVIČ, Violeta (avtor, korespondenčni avtor), SUBAN, Valter. Improvement of routine maritime communication skills through the use of Digimar tools. V: PERONJA, Ivan (ur.). Book of proceedings: the 30th International Maritime Lecturers Association (IMLA) Conference. Split: University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies, 2025. Str. 138-147. ISBN 978-953-6655-90-8. https://www.imla30.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/IMLA-30-Book-of-Proceedings.pdf.

The paper analyses the impact of training supported by the digital tools of the Digimar project on the improvement of routine maritime communication skills, comparing two corpora of student simulations collected before and after the training based on the use of educational videos and chatbots. The results show a statistically significant improvement in almost all categories of the standard protocol for routine maritime communication. The most significant progress was achieved in message structure and the use of message markers, while sentence structure, the use of prowords, the pronunciation of numbers and the use of the phonetic alphabet, and overall communication style also improved. Nevertheless, inconsistent use of message markers and prowords to prevent ambiguity proved to be a weak point, indicating the need for a greater role for these elements in the chatbots designed for autonomous learning. The research confirms that systematic training based on authentic communication situations significantly increases compliance with international standards, thereby reducing the risk of misunderstandings that may contribute to maritime accidents, while improved clarity and predictability of communication between ships and shore-based services directly contribute to safer maritime traffic in port waters.

JURKOVIČ, Violeta. Erasmus+ Digimar : enhancing navigational safety through more efficient maritime communication. V: LIPSHYTS, L.V. (ur.), LIKHOSHERSTOVA, V.H (ur.), PINDOSOVA, T.S (ur.). Materialy III Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii “Novitni tendentsii navchannia inozemnoi movy za profesiinym spriamuvanniam” : 23 zhovtnia 2025 roku : m. Odesa, Ukraina = Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific and Practical Conference "Modern Tendencies in Teaching Foreign Language for Specific Purposes" : October 23, 2025 : Odesa, Ukraine. Odessa: Kherson State Maritime Academy, 2025. Str. 134-137. https://ksma.ks.ua/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Proceedings_Conference_KSMA_25.pdf

This paper presents an overview of the Erasmus+ Digimar project, a three-year international initiative (2023–2026) aimed at enhancing navigational safety through improved routine maritime communication between vessels and shore-based services, particularly Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) operators and Harbour Master offices. Research has shown that unclear and ambiguous routine ship–shore communication frequently contributes to maritime incidents, despite the existence of international communication standards. The Digimar project involves ten partners from six European countries in the Adriatic and Nordic regions and focuses on developing open-access, data-driven digital educational tools grounded in authentic communication data. Key outputs include simulation scenarios based on real routine exchanges, instructional videos tailored to different user groups, and speech-recognition chatbots that enable realistic practice with immediate standards-based feedback. By strengthening communication competence and promoting compliance with international standards, the Digimar project contributes directly to the safety and security of ports by reducing communicative ambiguity, improving situational awareness, and supporting reliable information exchange essential for safe navigation and effective port operations.

HERO Marin, VIDMAR Peter, PERKOVIČ Marko. System Dynamics Approach to Global Shipping Emissions, TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 20, No. 1, doi:10.12716/1001.20.01.17, pp. 159-163, 2026

The paper presents an advanced System Dynamics (SD) modelling approach for long-term greenhouse gas reduction in port environments, using the container terminal of the Port of Koper as a case study. The research builds on the premise that ports are not only sources of emissions but also key enablers of sustainable transformation in maritime transport systems. The developed model integrates economic, technological, operational, regulatory, and environmental subsystems, enabling a holistic evaluation of decarbonisation measures, including equipment electrification, adoption of alternative fuels, and onshore power supply (OPS). Simulation results indicate that coordinated implementation of these measures can reduce emissions by nearly 90% by 2050, with the most significant impact stemming from electrification and energy system decarbonisation. From a sustainability and digitalisation perspective, the study demonstrates the value of dynamic modelling in capturing complex system interactions, including cargo throughput growth, technology adoption patterns, and regulatory constraints. This represents a shift from traditional static approaches toward data-driven, predictive decision-support frameworks. Within the ARIS project context, the research contributes to the development of a sustainable, digital framework for port safety and resilience by providing scalable tools for emission forecasting, infrastructure planning, and the optimisation of port operations. The model’s transferability supports harmonised implementation across ports, positioning the Port of Koper as a benchmark for smart and sustainable port development.

VLAČIČ, Patrick. Pravni vidiki interoperabilnosti ponudnikov storitve elektronske nakladnice. Pravnik : revija za pravno teorijo in prakso. [Tiskana izd.]. 2025, letn. 80 (142), št. 7/8, str. 491-510, 571-572. ISSN 0032-6976. [COBISS.SI-ID 255340035]

The article addresses the legal, technological, and organizational aspects of interoperability for electronic bills of lading (eBLs), which are a key document in maritime transport and international trade. Its contribution within the ARIS project is primarily reflected in the analysis of digital transformation processes in maritime logistics and in the identification of critical challenges in implementing interoperable, secure, and reliable data exchange systems among multiple stakeholders in the port environment. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of digitalization in enhancing the resilience of port operations and maritime supply chains. The adoption of electronic bills of lading enables the continuity of logistics processes under disruptive conditions (e.g., pandemics, mobility restrictions, or supply chain interruptions), thereby strengthening the robustness and adaptability of maritime transport systems. The article further contributes to the understanding of interoperability as a fundamental prerequisite for efficient and resilient digital ecosystems, highlighting the importance of standardized frameworks, legal certainty, and technological neutrality

MLINAR, Tomi, PENKO, Gorazd, BATAGELJ, Boštjan. Reducing power consumption in optical access networks : point-to-point and point-to-multipoint architecture cases. Fiber and integrated optics. 2026, vol. 45, no. 2, str. 55-85, ilustr. ISSN 0146-8030. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01468030.2026.2625009, DOI: 10.1080/01468030.2026.2625009. [COBISS.SI-ID 268359683], [Odprti dostop, JCR, SNIP, WoS, Scopus]

LAVRIČ, Andrej, VIDMAR, Matjaž, BATAGELJ, Boštjan. Microwave photonic techniques in phase-noise measurements of microwave sources : a review of fiber-optic delay-line methods. Photonics. Jan. 2026, vol. 13, issue 1 [article no.] 60, 18 str., ilustr. ISSN 2304-6732. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/13/1/60, DOI: 10.3390/photonics13010060. [COBISS.SI-ID 264941315], [Odprti dostop, JCR, SNIP, WoS, Scopus]

PERKOVIČ, Marko, FERJANČIČ ROSSO, Staša. Fakulteta za pomorstvo in promet utrjuje vodilni položaj v raziskavah. Obala plus : spletni portal s pogledom na morje. 4. mar. 2025. ISSN 2670-4617. https://obalaplus.si/fakulteta-za-pomorstvo-in-promet/. [COBISS.SI-ID 227960835], [Odprti dostop]

VIDMAR, Peter, PERKOVIČ, Marko (avtor, vodja projekta). Industrial Accident Risk Assessment in the Landside Area of the Port of Koper Portorož: Univ. Ljubljana, Fak. za pomorstvo in promet, 2026. 218 str., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 273292035]

This document presents a comprehensive risk assessment of industrial accidents in the landside area of the Port of Koper, integrating a systematic approach to hazard identification, risk evaluation, and consequence modelling of potential emergency events. The analysis is based on a detailed assessment of the port's organizational, technological, and spatial characteristics and covers all major terminals and supporting activities. The applied methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches, including hazard classification, probability assessment, and modelling of consequences affecting people, infrastructure, and the environment. Attention is given to major accident scenarios such as fires, explosions, hazardous substance releases, and cascading events, while also considering meteorological and environmental factors. The study provides an in-depth analysis of risks associated with individual terminals, including liquid cargo, refrigerated cargo, grain, automotive, and container terminals, as well as waste management systems and energy-related facilities. Special emphasis is placed on transport systems (road and rail), operational processes, and interactions between different port subsystems. The results include an assessment of risks to human safety, property, the environment, and cultural heritage, as well as the identification of critical system vulnerabilities. Based on these findings, the study proposes targeted measures to mitigate risk, enhance emergency preparedness, and reduce consequences. The document serves as a key technical basis for emergency planning and strategic safety management in the Port of Koper as a critical infrastructure.

VIDMAR, Peter, PERKOVIČ, Marko (avtor, vodja projekta). Načrt zaščite in reševanja Luke Koper d.d. za industrijske nesreče : poročilo št.3 v okviru vsebin Ocena ogroženosti in načrt reševanja LK za industrijske nesreče = Emergency response and rescue plan of the Port of Koper for industrial accidents. Portorož: Univ. Ljubljana, Fak. za pomorstvo in promet, 2026. 70 str., ilustr. [COBISS.SI-ID 273273859] The Emergency Response and Rescue Plan for industrial accidents at the Port of Koper is a comprehensive operational document that defines the organization, measures, and procedures for the effective management of emergency situations within the port area. The plan is based on an analysis of the port’s organizational structure, operational activities, and spatial characteristics, and includes a detailed risk assessment of minor, medium, and major accidents on land and in port waters. The document addresses potential accident scenarios across different terminals, including liquid cargo, container, automotive, and other terminals, as well as incidents on navigation routes and berths. Attention is given to cascading events and environmental impacts, especially on the marine ecosystem. The plan establishes fundamental principles and planning levels, outlines the emergency response concept, and defines decision-making and command structures. It specifies the required response forces and resources, including firefighting units, security services, medical and environmental response teams, and external stakeholders. It also describes the organization of monitoring, notification, and alarm systems, and the activation procedures, depending on the severity of the incident. Furthermore, the plan includes specific protective measures such as fire suppression, emergency medical response, oil and hazardous substance spill response, evacuation procedures, and personal protection measures. The document serves as a key framework for ensuring safety, environmental protection, and effective crisis management in the Port of Koper, a critical infrastructure system.